I had originally made a guide for all the challenges (aka the "Getting Sidetracked" achievement) but it might be more useful to have a full guide for all the achievements. So here we go!

I have the achievements sorted with the openly viewable ones first, and the hidden achievements after just incase you want to keep some of the secrets under wraps.
NOTE: Screenshots and other images are on the way, I just didn't have time to assemble them all when I was typing this up.

EDIT 10/26/2017: Finally getting around to editing this again. I'll start filling out the new achievements as soon as possible!

• "Welcome To Everspace"
  • "Die."
    
  • You must be pretty good if you need a guide for dying. This is pretty self explanatory.

• "Getting Started"
  • "Reach sector 2."
    
  • Another straight forward achievement. Keep jumping from location to location until you reach sector 2.

• "Getting Somewhere"
  • "Reach sector 3."
    
  • You might see a trend at this point. There is an achievement for reaching each sector. Keep on warping!

• "Getting Closer"
  • "Reach sector 4."
    
  • Yup, keep jumping to sector 4. Don't worry if you die.

• "Onwards and Upwards"
  • "Reach sector 5."
    
  • You guessed it, keep going. You can do it!

• "Almost There"
  • "Reach sector 6."
    
  • Almost there..!

• "The Way You're Meant To Die"
  • "Reach the lab."
    
  • This is essentially sector 7. This is your "final" stop!

• "Better Off Dead"
  • "Reach the lab on 'Hard' difficulty."
    
  • Basically, reach sector 7 on Hard difficulty. Not too hard, but you probably want to make sure you have a decent amount of upgrades before attempting this one!

• "Proud Owner"
  • "Buy a new ship."
    
  • It might take a few runs to collect enough credits to buy one as it costs 10,000 in one purchase. You can get the pilot perk for increased credits to help if you're not quite getting that 10,000 mark. Don't forget though, your unspent credits disappear after you launch a new run!

• "Getting Sidetracked"
  • "Complete all challenges."
    
  • As I mentioned earlier, I had already created a guide for completing the challenges, so I'll just plug in a link for my other guide instead of pasting in the information. http://sp.zhabite.com/sharedfiles/filedetails/?id=940568375

• "Mr. Robot"
  • "Collect all subroutines."
    
  • There is 16 in total, and they can be found in the derelict Colonial Stations you find throughout your journey. You will need an Access Key in order to access the locked hatch inside the station where on the other side you might find a cube shaped hologram. If you fly up to the hologram and scan it, similar to how you hack Jump Suppressors, it will unlock the subroutine. It will be unlocked regardless of how fast you die after that.
    
  • Locating a subroutine can be made a bit easier by looking for "Special Tech Containers", which help to identify the location of a station.
    
  • Once at the station, you may notice gaps or cracks in the structure and these gaps can reveal to you which room the subroutine is in.
    Not all stations have a subroutine, but if it has one it is guarenteed to be one you don't have!

• "Mr. Ancient"
  • "Collect all glyphs."
    
  • Very similar requirement to "Mr. Robot" but, in my opinion, a lot more difficult.
    
  • There is 11 glyphs to collect, and they can all be found at the Ancient Structures you may find along your travels. However, these locations SEEM to be a lot more uncommon then the Colonial Stations.
    
  • In order to unlock a glyph, you'll need to defeat the Ancient guarding the structure. Watch out though, as soon as you destroy the Ancient it will leave a temporary black hole in its wake! Once you safely defeat it, you will be able to fly into the center of the structure through one of the sides and activate an obelisk-like structure which will reward you with a glyph to fly into and pick up.
    
  • A glyph called "Ancient Structures" will reveal the location of them on your map making them easy to find.. you know, as soon as you find the first one.

• "Wrong Time, Wrong Place"
  • "Kill 1000 enemies."
    
  • Super easy, just time consuming I suppose. If they're shooting at you, destroy them first and they will count as an enemy kill!

• "No Time To Die"
  • "Reach the lab in less than an hour."
    
  • This one might be tricky. You need to reach the lab (aka sector 7) in under an hour. You'll need to minimize your time searching for loot otherwise you will take too long. Basically, loot just enough to fuel up and maybe upgrade your loadout some, then keep on jumping.
    
  • Your ship can explode if you try to make a jump with no fuel, so you can't just rush it!

• "Fly, My Lovely"
  • "Have 5 or more drones working for you at the same time."
    
  • This is actually pretty easy. Not even the Gunship can DEPLOY 5 drones at a time, so you need to use a Drone Override consumable, but if you find a Drone Server you can hack all the drones that are deployed making short work of this achievement with just the press of the C key.
    
  • You can find a number of drones at drone severs such as this one. There might only be 3 or 4 though, so be sure to bring 1 or 2 of your own drones!

• "Scrapman"
  • "Accumulate 500 scrap in a single run."
    
  • Scrap is dropped pretty commonly, but it is used to craft just about everything. All you need to do avoid crafting items as much as possible and proceed sector to sector until you are awarded the achievement.

• "Friggin' Awesome"
  • "Destroy an Okkar Frigate."
    
  • Note, this is a FRIGATE not the CORVETTE. These don't appear until pretty late, possibly only in sector 6 even. These huge ships pack a punch, but they aren't that bad.
    
  • The key is to keep moving. It has a very obvious, large attack that you can dodge easily if you keep moving.
    
  • While buzzing around the ship, you'll want to target the energy coils location all over the exterior of the ship. Destroying all of them will result in the destruction of the whole ship.

• "Perked Up"
  • "Max out all pilot perks."
    
  • Simple, but time consuming. Keep making runs through the sectors getting as many credits as you can and buy all the pilot perks. If you go for maxing out the credits perk, it could help speed this up.

• "Tinkerer"
  • "Get all perks for the Interceptor, the Scout or the Gunship."
    
  • Does not matter which one you do, just make sure you purchase and max out all perks for any ONE ship. I did the Interceptor first, but you could do the Gunship first if it so pleased you.

• "Enhanced Victory"
  • "Finish a run having both the Predetermination and Sensory Overload enhancements equiped."
    
  • Actually doing this achievement is not very hard, however you will need to play for a while to make sure you get the Predetermination glyph and the Sensory Overload subroutine. Refer to the Mr. Robot and Mr. Ancient achievements for how to get these.
    
  • Predetermination will make it so the G&B and Okkar are automatically hostile to each other, however it forces you to travel in a straight line on the star map with no other choices in the path. Sensory Overload gives infinite sensor range, however removes the ability to see shields and health of enemies.

For all of the characters that you meet, they will initially be randomly found and marked by a star on your sensors. Once you meet with one, they will show up on the map so that you can easily track them down later in future runs.

• Tuned To The Max
  • "Max out all perks for the Colonial Sentinel."
    
  • This is exactly like "Tinkerer" and "Perked Up" achievements. Ideally you will want the Pilot perk that inceases credit gain maxed out to make this easier. Also, the Encounters DLC adds lots of characters to talk to, all of which usually give a large chunk of credits which should speed this up.

• Quid Pro Quo
  • "Complete all tasks for Tareen."
    
  • In my opinion, this one was extremely annoying. It was not particurally hard, but it was definitely time consuming. You'll meet Tareen in a large ship that resembles a regular trader. Once you speak with him, he will ask you to deliever to him a series of items. Below is a table of what you'll need to bring to him.
    NOTE: You do not need to bring everything at once. For example, in the case of 200 crystals, you could bring 10 each time you meet him, its just that it will take 20 runs to complete it.
    
    1:

    200 Scrap

    2:

    1 40mm Gattling (You could either find one or craft one.)

    3:

    30 Processors

    4:

    5 Access Keys (They drop from elite enemies)

    5:

    1 Mainframe Override (You could either find one or craft one.)

    6:

    25 Dark Matter

    7:

    1 Arc-9000 (You could either find one or craft one.)

    8:

    200 Crystals

    9:

    5 Mine Clusters (The Gunship is the ONLY ship that can complete this. Layout A starts with 5.)

    10:

    1 Enhanced Fusion Blaster M6-A with any 3 mods. (I would recommend using the Artisan subroutine, which makes all primary weapons you craft enhanced, otherwise you'll probably have a hard time finding one randomly on the way to Tareen. Then just upgrade it with any 3 mods of your choosing.)

• Weird Science
  • "Complete all tasks for Throng."
    
  • Place holder.

• Nobody Expects The Coalition
  • "Help the Coalition become a force to be reckoned with."
    
  • Place holder.

• And That's That
  • "Decide Karlie's Fate."
    
  • Place holder.

• Gooey Mess
  • "Feed a Green Goo until it bursts."
    
  • You'll need to get the Goo Gun from Throng in order to complete this. It costs 50 Viridian Energy to purchase the blueprint. It also costs 5 Viridian Energy to craft it, alongside other resources.
    
  • With the Goo Gun in hand, you just have to shoot a Green Goo a number of times until it explodes. You'll see it slowly grow in size before it does so.
    

• Painbringer
  • "Have a primary weapon other than the Ancient Weapon installed that does more than 200 shield or hull dps."
    
  • I'm looking for the easiest way to complete this, but so far I have only gotten 200 DPS one way.
    
  • The way I did this was get an enhanced, higher end weapon that already has a high DPS in one stat (I used the Pulse Laser MX).
    
  • Once you have that, you'll need to fill it with the same upgrade. Unless the enhanced stat roll is good enough on its own, you probably have to use the Sentinal's perk "Mod Slots" so that you can have 4 modification slots on your primary weapons. With all 4 mods of the same type, you should be able to get 200+ DPS on a wepon that started with around 100.

• "Evil Twin"
  • "Kill your own clone."
    
  • This achievement can only be completed after successfully completing "The Lab" (sector 7) at least once. Once you do this, you will be given a new objective to do involving destroying clones along your way. Destroy one of these clones, and you'll be rewarded an achievement.

• "Whole Again"
  • "Collect all DNA fragments."
    
  • Whenever you destroy a clone, they will drop a unique item called DNA. If you collect 8 of these DNA fragments and return them successfully to the lab across any number of runs, the achievement will be unlocked.

• "Taking One For The Team"
  • "Defeat Admiral Gorc."
    
  • The final boss. In order to reach Admiral Gorc, you will need to have delievered all 8 of the DNA fragments and make it to the Lab yet again. At the lab, he will confront you and once you defeat him using the missile launcher located in front of the lab while dodging his attacks, you will be awarded one of the final achievements.
    
  • Unfortunately, I didn't fight the Admiral with foresight, so I do not have screenshots or a perfect memory of how the fight goes. At some point I'll run through the game again in order to give more details on defeating Gorc.

• "Fast and Fragile"
  • "Use the Colonial Scout 15 times."
    
  • Just like it says, use the Scout 15 times. You could, if you are in a hurry, suicide right at the start of the run in order to "use" the Scout more.

• "Slow and Sturdy"
  • "Use the Colonial Gunship 15 times."
    
  • Just like it says, use the Gunship 15 times. You could, if you are in a hurry, suicide right at the start of the run in order to "use" the Gunship more.

• Vigorous And Versatile
  • "???"
    
  • Place holder.

Thats all folks! Hopefully this guide helps you pick off some pesky achievements :)