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Pouched lamprey (Geotria australis) larvae also have a very high tolerance for free iron in their bodies, and have well-developed biochemical systems for detoxification of the large quantities of these metal ions.[35]
Lampreys are the only extant verterbrate to have four eyes.[36] Most lampreys have two additional parietal eyes: a pineal and parapineal one (the exception is members of Mordacia)[37].
Research on sea lampreys has revealed that sexually mature males use a specialized heat-producing tissue in the form of a ridge of fat cells near the anterior dorsal fin to stimulate females. After having attracted a female with pheromones, the heat detected by the female through body contact will encourage spawning.[31]
Studies have shown that lampreys are amongst the most energy-efficient swimmers. Their swimming movements generate low-pressure zones around their body, which pull rather than push their bodies through the water.[18]
This is an adaptation to how the adults feed, by preventing the prey's body fluids from escaping through the gills or interfering with gas exchange, which takes place by pumping water in and out of the gill pouches instead of taking it in through the mouth. Near the gills are the eyes, which are poorly developed and buried under skin in the larvae. The eyes complete their development during metamorphosis, and are covered by a thin and transparent layer of skin that becomes opaque in preservatives.[14] Their teeth consist of a meshwork of keratin filaments and other proteins.[15]
Lamprey distribution may be adversely affected by overfishing and pollution. In Britain, at the time of the Conquest, lampreys were found as far upstream in the River Thames as Petersham[citation needed]. Reduction of pollution in the Thames and River Wear has led to recent sightings in London and Chester-le-Street.[11][12]
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